Dickens presents memory to be a gentle thing which can promote emotions of happiness and nostalgia, which point towards usually positive viewpoints, but Dickens also reminds us, as the readers, that memories can be painful and a torturous reminder as what our past entailed. For example, in Stave 2, Dickens shows that Scrooge's normally rigid heart of no emotions is starting to show a little bit of sorrow, giving us a glimpse of the beginnings of Scrooge's realisation of what these memories are meant to show. Scrooge's actions involve him "drying his eyes with his cuff", which subtly implies that Scrooge has been brought to very faint tears of nostalgia from the brief memories of his childhood, showing possibilities of links towards regret and longing for the past. In addition, Scrooge 'muttered' his response to the Ghost's questions, indicating this sense of wonder or perhaps even shame that he is witnessing the past again, not wanting to let go of his cold exterior and harsh emotions which he's built up for so many decades now. Memory elicits these specific emotions within us, which can not be brought out by anything else, and it is evident though Scrooge's behaviour, as this is the first we see emotions in Scrooge, apart from indifference and slight irritation. In fact, it appears to be the first time Scrooge has experienced anything other than coldness for years, illustrating how memory is surprising, but familiar to us all. Moving along the extract, we notice that Scrooge appears to be mournful and reluctant to see these memories which the Ghost of Christmas Past has chosen to show him, as seen in the statement, "Scrooge looked at the Ghost, and with a mournful shaking of his head, glanced anxiously towards the door." Although this is Scrooge's first time meeting with this specific apparition, only having journeyed with him a few moments ago, he turns towards the Ghost and appears to be in this state of worry and nervousness, turning towards the only thing he can find that may help him, which further indicate's how memories can elicit fear and shocking emotions to us all. The adjective 'mournful' along with the verb 'shaking' shows imagery of terror and has connotations of anxiety or upset. Dickens's implies that memories can show us things that we have long forgotten, the reason rooting from the trauma and negative things we link to those specific memories, making us somewhat afraid at times, as Scrooge currently is in this moment in the novella. Furthermore, Scrooge seemed 'uneasy' when the Scrooge mentioned his nephew, highlighting Scrooge's hesitation to remember what he had said and done to his nephew. These memories within memories make Scrooge unwillingly begin to realise what they are meant to show: compassion and understanding. Apart from this extract, Dickens portrays memories to not only bring nostalgia and realisation, but to also bring joy and to make us remember what is feels like to be alive and to be truly happy in loved. For example, at Fezziwig's party, Scrooge is seen to be absolutely static over the memories of his mentor and his best friend at that time, Dick. Scrooge's excitement is especially depicted through his dialogue: "Remember it? I was bred here!" and "Oh! That's Fezziwig!" and "Dick!". These exclamttives are used by Dickens to present Scrooge's unusual cheer and whimsy in response to being shown memories of his long-forgotten childhood. In the beginning of these memories, the past being shown to Scrooge appears to provoke these innocent and child-like emotions, akin to happiness, which shows how memories can bring back childhood whimsy and fun, even in a man like Scrooge, who was the same person that said "What reason do you have to be happy? You're poor enough." In addition, Scrooge appears to be quite overwhelmed by excitement and fulfilled with joy, which he doesn't notice until another memory is shown. However, this happiness is only brief, as it is then interrupted by the Ghost hurriedly moving on to another memory of Scrooge being confronted by his ex-lover, Belle. Immediately, there is this sense of trepidation and reluctance to see these memories, in Scrooge's point of view. He exclaims, "Show me no more!" This imperative mixed with an exclamative clearly indicates Scrooge's discomfort and agony in response to the past being shown to him. Memories may give us happiness at times, but it also makes us bleed with sorrow and hurt at what our pasts entailed. To add, Scrooge scrambles to shove the cap over the light of the Ghost of Christmas Past, "extinguishing" the memories. An extinguisher, is commonly known for putting out fires, which have connotations of danger and threat, which can link to Scrooge's sense of fear, as he feels threatened by the memories and much too exposed by the confrontation of which his ex-lover showed him. Scrooge was being turned away once more, as shown in that memory, and the pain he felt must have been immense, as he was a character who had not been shown much love before, and so those memories of having the love he once wanted so terribly being removed again made Scrooge feel remorse and regret. Dickens shows these memories to be somewhat depressing and a rather painful experience. In these memories, there is this subjective reflection of Dickens' own childhood, where he was left in a blockhouse factory to work in, having experienced the poor factory conditions firsthand without the love of his father or the rest of his family during his time there. Scrooge is a character who is the embodiment of Dickens' response towards those childhood memories and created this atmosphere of these suppressed emotions containing unease and envy. Another way Dickens presents memories is through the Cratchit family's potential memories of Tiny Tim if Scrooge didn't change in time for Christmas celebrations. There is a chorus of voices saying "As did I," "As did I," and "And I!" Dickens deliberately used this repetition to convey the message that memories can be shared between large groups of people, glimpsing towards the reality of the poor's place in the hierarchy of society, which was a shared experience by many, contributing to the memories of the 'Poor Law' and 'The Treadmill,'which Dickens had lived to experience and witness what these laws had done to his family, the people surrounding him, and even himself. But while these repetitive agreements are a reflection of society's normalised experiences back in the Victorian era, it is still a reflection of how memories are shared, just how love is shared in humanity. These juxtaposing ideas about how memory is presented and conveyed in A Christmas Carol is Dickens' thoughts and own memories about his life experiences. Memories are full of love, joy, and whimsy at times, but Dickens reminds us that we must not forget about how memories also brings pain, wrenching nostalgia, and the past which we have forgotten to learn from.